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| №4, 2024: Методология и методы исследований. Модели и прогнозы |
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[RUS] / [ENG]Методология и методы исследований. Модели и прогнозы
Методы контроля и мониторинга фосфорорганических соединений в природных средах
О. Ю. Растегаев1, д. х. н., профессор,
Т. Я. Ашихмина2, 3, д. т. н., г. н. с., зав. лабораторией,
С. Н. Черников1, аспирант,
1Саратовский государственный технический университет им. Гагарина Ю.А.,
410054, Россия, г. Саратов, ул. Политехническая, д. 77,
2Вятский государственный университет,
610000, Россия, г. Киров, ул. Московская, д. 36,
3Институт биологии Коми научного центра
Уральского отделения Российской академии наук,
167982, Россия, г. Сыктывкар, ул. Коммунистическая, д. 28 O. Y. Rastegaev1ORCID: 0000-0003-0936-1198,
T. Ya. Ashikhmina2, 3ORCID: 0000-0003-4919-0047,
S. N. Chernikov1ORCID: 0009-0008-7622-631X,
1Saratov State Technical University named after Gagarina Yu.A.,
77, Politechnicheskaya St., Saratov, Russia, 410054,
2Vyatka State University,
36, Moskovskaya St., Kirov, Russia, 610000,
3Institute of Biology of the Komi Scientific Center
of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
28, Kommunisticheskaya St., Syktyvkar, Russia, 167982
e-mail
[email protected]
Аннотация
Предложены методы контроля и мониторинга фосфорорганических соединений в природных средах при утилизации фосфорорганических соединений (ФОС – Vx). Установлено, что экологические нормативы контроля и нормативы качества природных сред при этом не превышены. Экологический контроль проводился как плановый контроль источников загрязняющих веществ (выбросов, сбросов, технологических вод, отходов и реакционных масс), а при экологическом мониторинге осуществлялся анализ основных объектов природной среды (атмосферный воздух, почвенный покров, поверхностные и грунтовые воды, снежный покров). Объём проводимых экоаналитических исследований в рамках экологического контроля и мониторинга составляли 200 участков и объектов контроля и мониторинга, более 250 показателей. Поверхностные и грунтовые воды, снежный покров контролировались по 57 показателям, атмосферный воздух – по 10 показателям, почвенный покров, донные отложения – по 11 показателям. Представлены сводные данные государственного экологического контроля и мониторинга в 2006–2009 гг. в период утилизации фосфорорганических соединений (ФОС – Vx). Дополнена и внедрена методическая база экоаналитического обеспечения при утилизации ФОС, разработано и адаптировано 14 методик определения фосфорсодержащих веществ: О-изобутилметилфосфоната, метилфосфоновой кислоты, их суммарного содержания (показатель «общий фосфор»). В основу разработки методик положено обоснование диапазонов определяемых концентраций с учётом технологических параметров процессов утилизации, экспериментальное обоснование методик пробоотбора, пробоподготовки и аналитического окончания на целевых веществах. Данные методики были апробированы на реальных объектах контроля и мониторинга и аттестованы в установленном порядке. Процесс утилизации ФОС проходил в штатном режиме – ФОС и продукты их деструкции в объектах окружающей среды за весь период наблюдений не обнаружены, отрицательного влияния на окружающую среду не установлено.
Abstract
Methods of control and monitoring of organophosphorus compounds in natural environments while organophosphorus compounds (OPCs – Vx) utilization are proposed. It was found that environmental control standards and quality standards of natural environments were not exceeded. Environmental control was carried out as a planned control of pollutant sources (emissions, discharges, process waters, waste and reaction masses), while environmental monitoring analyzed the main objects of the natural environment (atmospheric air, soil cover, natural and groundwater, snow cover) was carried out. The volume of eco-analytical studies conducted within the framework of environmental control and monitoring amounted to 200 plots and objects of control and monitoring, more than 250 indicators. Natural water, groundwater, snow cover were monitored according to 57 indicators, atmospheric air – for 10 indicators, soil cover, bottom sediments – for 11 indicators. Summary data of the state environmental control and monitoring in 2006–2009 during the period of utilization of organophosphorus compounds (FOS – Vx) are presented. The methodological base of eco-analytical support for the utilization of FOS has been supplemented and implemented, 14 methods for the determination of phosphorus-containing substances – O-isobutylmethylphosphonate, methylphosphonic acid, their total content (the indicator “total phosphorus”) were developed and adapted. The development of methods is based on the justification of the ranges of determined concentrations, taking into account the technological parameters of the disposal processes, experimental justification of sampling, sample preparation and analytical termination on target substances. These methods were tested on real control and monitoring objects and certified in accordance with the established procedure. The OPCs disposal process was carried out normally. No OPCs and their degradation products were detected in environmental objects during the entire observation period, and no negative environmental effect was established.
Ключевые слова
экологический контроль, экологический мониторинг, фосфорорганические соединения, экологические нормативы контроля, нормативы качества природных сред
Keywords
environmental control, environmental monitoring, organophosphorus compounds, environmental control standards, environmental quality standards
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